Smalltalk【1】 语言中命令模式【2】的实现与扩展
命令模式(Command【3】 Pattern)是一种行为设计模式,它将请求封装为一个对象,从而允许用户使用不同的请求、队列或日志请求,以及支持可撤销的操作。在Smalltalk语言中,命令模式同样有着广泛的应用,它可以帮助我们更好地组织代码,提高代码的可读性和可维护性。本文将围绕Smalltalk语言中命令模式的实现与扩展进行探讨。
Smalltalk 语言简介
Smalltalk是一种面向对象【4】编程语言,由Alan Kay等人于1970年代初期设计。它以其简洁、直观和动态的特性而闻名。Smalltalk语言的特点包括:
- 面向对象:Smalltalk是一种纯粹的面向对象语言,所有的数据和行为都封装在对象中。
- 动态类型【5】:Smalltalk在运行时确定对象的类型,这使得Smalltalk具有很高的灵活性。
- 动态绑定【6】:Smalltalk在运行时绑定方法到对象,这使得Smalltalk具有很高的动态性。
命令模式的实现
在Smalltalk中实现命令模式,我们需要定义以下几个角色:
- Command:定义一个执行操作的接口。
- ConcreteCommand【7】:实现具体命令,绑定到接收者对象。
- Receiver【8】:知道如何实施与执行一个请求相关的操作。
- Invoker【9】:负责调用命令对象执行请求。
- Client【10】:创建一个具体命令对象,并设置其接收者。
以下是一个简单的命令模式实现示例:
smalltalk
| command receiver invoker client |
Command := Class new
instanceVariableNames: 'receiver'
classVariableNames: ''
poolDictionaries: ''
category: 'Command';
Command class >> initialize
"Initialize the command with a receiver."
receiver := receiver;
ConcreteCommand := Command subclass
instanceVariableNames: 'receiver';
category: 'ConcreteCommand';
ConcreteCommand class >> initialize: aReceiver
super initialize;
receiver := aReceiver;
ConcreteCommand >> execute
"Execute the operation on the receiver."
receiver execute;
Receiver := Object subclass
instanceVariableNames: 'name';
category: 'Receiver';
Receiver class >> initialize: aName
super initialize;
name := aName;
Receiver >> execute
"Perform the operation."
"For demonstration, just print the receiver's name."
name printNl;
Invoker := Object subclass
instanceVariableNames: 'command';
category: 'Invoker';
Invoker >> initialize: aCommand
super initialize;
command := aCommand;
Invoker >> invoke
"Invoke the command."
command execute;
Client := Object subclass
category: 'Client';
Client >> run
"Create a receiver and a concrete command."
receiver := Receiver new initialize: 'Receiver';
command := ConcreteCommand new initialize: receiver;
"Create an invoker and set the command."
invoker := Invoker new initialize: command;
"Invoke the command."
invoker invoke;
在这个例子中,`Receiver`类代表接收者,`ConcreteCommand`类代表具体命令,`Invoker`类代表调用者。`Client`类负责创建命令对象,并将其与接收者绑定,然后通过调用者执行命令。
命令模式的扩展
命令模式在Smalltalk中可以扩展以支持以下功能:
1. 可撤销操作【11】
在Smalltalk中,可以通过实现`undo`方法来支持可撤销操作。以下是一个扩展的`ConcreteCommand`类,它包含了`undo`方法:
smalltalk
ConcreteCommand >> undo
"Undo the operation on the receiver."
receiver undo;
在`Receiver`类中,我们需要实现`undo`方法来撤销操作:
smalltalk
Receiver >> undo
"Undo the operation."
"For demonstration, just print the receiver's name."
name printNl;
2. 命令队列【12】
命令队列允许我们将多个命令排队执行。以下是一个简单的命令队列实现【13】:
smalltalk
CommandQueue := Object subclass
instanceVariableNames: 'queue';
category: 'CommandQueue';
CommandQueue >> initialize
queue := Command new;
CommandQueue >> add: aCommand
"Add a command to the queue."
queue add: aCommand;
CommandQueue >> execute
"Execute all commands in the queue."
queue do: [ :cmd | cmd execute ];
在`Client`类中,我们可以创建一个命令队列,并将多个命令添加到队列中:
smalltalk
Client >> run
"Create a receiver and a concrete command."
receiver := Receiver new initialize: 'Receiver';
command1 := ConcreteCommand new initialize: receiver;
command2 := ConcreteCommand new initialize: receiver;
"Create a command queue and add commands."
queue := CommandQueue new;
queue add: command1;
queue add: command2;
"Execute the commands in the queue."
queue execute;
3. 命令日志【14】
命令日志记录所有执行的命令,这对于调试和审计非常有用。以下是一个简单的命令日志实现【15】:
smalltalk
CommandLogger := Object subclass
instanceVariableNames: 'log';
category: 'CommandLogger';
CommandLogger >> initialize
log := '';
CommandLogger >> log: aMessage
"Log a message."
log := log, aMessage, cr;
CommandLogger >> logAll
"Print all logged messages."
log printNl;
在`Client`类中,我们可以创建一个命令日志器,并将所有执行的命令记录下来:
smalltalk
Client >> run
"Create a receiver and a concrete command."
receiver := Receiver new initialize: 'Receiver';
command := ConcreteCommand new initialize: receiver;
"Create a command logger and set it as the command's receiver."
logger := CommandLogger new;
receiver log := logger;
"Execute the command."
command execute;
"Print the logged messages."
logger logAll;
结论
命令模式在Smalltalk语言中是一种强大的设计模式,它可以帮助我们更好地组织代码,提高代码的可读性和可维护性。通过实现和扩展命令模式,我们可以创建可撤销操作、命令队列和命令日志等功能,从而进一步增强Smalltalk程序的功能和灵活性。
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